Contact: Katherine Elliot
kelliot@fs.fed.us
828-524-2128 x110
USDA Forest Service ? Southern Research Station
OTTO, NC--Research by USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists shows that the impacts of recent outbreaks of southern pine beetle further degraded shortleaf pine-hardwood forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian region. The authors suggest that cutting and burning these sites reduces heavy fuel loads, improves soil nutrient status, and opens the canopy for restoration of these shortleaf pine communities.
In an article published in the June issue of journal Forest Ecology and Management, research ecologist Katherine Elliott and fellow scientists from the SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory examine the effects of three treatments to restore shortleaf pine-hardwood forests in areas where southern pine beetle attacks have killed most of the overstory pines.
Historically, frequent fire maintained the pine-hardwood ecosystems of the southern Appalachians as open grassy savannas with widely spaced oaks and shortleaf pines, a grassy understory, and relatively clear midstory. The interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle outbreaks have severely impacted these ecosystems.
"Over the past century, these ecosystems have been on a trajectory of increased loss of pines in the overstory, lack of regeneration of both pines and oaks, loss of ground layer plants, and the expansion of the evergreen shrub mountain laurel in the midstory," says Elliott. "The latest outbreak of southern pine beetle, a native insect, killed more overstory pines, further damaging the ecosystem while adding fuel for fire."
For the study, the researchers selected eight 12 to 15-acre study sites in pine-hardwood ecosystems where a large number of the pines had been killed by southern pine beetle. They tested the effects of burning only, cutting and burning on sites with droughty soils, and cutting and burning on sites with medium soil moisture. Two years after the treatments, they reported increased soil nutrient availability, greater herbaceous plant cover and diversity, and more native bluestem grasses.
Unfortunately, they found only a few pine seedlings in the understory after the treatments. "In our study, poor pine regeneration may have been due to drought, poor seed production, and hardwood competition in the understory," says Elliott. "Poor seed production was not unexpected, since southern pine beetles killed almost all of the overstory pines before the treatments."
The researchers found that though oak regeneration increased on all the burned sites, other hardwood species increased as well. The researchers suggest that without further intervention, oaks will not succeed into the overstory due to competition from faster growing hardwoods.
This study showed that cutting followed by prescribed fire can reduce fuel loads, increase soil nutrient availability, open the canopy by reducing trees in the overstory, and stimulate vegetative growth. These cut-and-burn treatments have positioned these degraded ecosystems on a restoration trajectory.
"Further silvicultural treatments are needed to fully restore these sites to shortleaf pine/bluestem communities," says Elliott. "Additional follow-up treatments could include planting pine seedlings, using thinning or herbicides to reduce competition from faster growing red maple and sassafras sprouts and shrubs, and repeated burning to maintain open woodland for native grass and other plant cover."
"Land managers need information on treatment options that will reduce the heavy fuel from dead and dying trees, and they need information on how to most effectively restore these forests," says Elliott. "We will continue to work with land managers on applying and refining these treatments in their efforts to fully restore shortleaf pine/native bluestem grass ecosystems."
"Without the partnership and support from the National Forests of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia this research would not be possible or as relevant," she adds. "For this study, the Ocoee Ranger District, Cherokee National Forest was responsible for implementing the treatments and they worked closely with the researchers to make it all happen." In return, researchers provide the information to the National Forest partners and others by onsite tours and workshops.
This research was partially funded by the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports scientific research on wildland fires and distributes results to help policymakers, fire managers and practitioners make sound decisions.
###
Access the full text of the article: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/40511
For more information: Katherine Elliot at 828-524-2128, x110 or kelliot@fs.fed.us
Headquartered in Asheville, N.C., the Southern Research Station is comprised of more than 120 scientists and several hundred support staff who conduct natural resource research in 20 locations across 13 southern states (Virginia to Texas). The Station's mission is "to create the science and technology needed to sustain and enhance southern forest ecosystems and the benefits they provide." Learn more about the Southern Research Station at: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/.
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Contact: Katherine Elliot
kelliot@fs.fed.us
828-524-2128 x110
USDA Forest Service ? Southern Research Station
OTTO, NC--Research by USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists shows that the impacts of recent outbreaks of southern pine beetle further degraded shortleaf pine-hardwood forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian region. The authors suggest that cutting and burning these sites reduces heavy fuel loads, improves soil nutrient status, and opens the canopy for restoration of these shortleaf pine communities.
In an article published in the June issue of journal Forest Ecology and Management, research ecologist Katherine Elliott and fellow scientists from the SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory examine the effects of three treatments to restore shortleaf pine-hardwood forests in areas where southern pine beetle attacks have killed most of the overstory pines.
Historically, frequent fire maintained the pine-hardwood ecosystems of the southern Appalachians as open grassy savannas with widely spaced oaks and shortleaf pines, a grassy understory, and relatively clear midstory. The interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle outbreaks have severely impacted these ecosystems.
"Over the past century, these ecosystems have been on a trajectory of increased loss of pines in the overstory, lack of regeneration of both pines and oaks, loss of ground layer plants, and the expansion of the evergreen shrub mountain laurel in the midstory," says Elliott. "The latest outbreak of southern pine beetle, a native insect, killed more overstory pines, further damaging the ecosystem while adding fuel for fire."
For the study, the researchers selected eight 12 to 15-acre study sites in pine-hardwood ecosystems where a large number of the pines had been killed by southern pine beetle. They tested the effects of burning only, cutting and burning on sites with droughty soils, and cutting and burning on sites with medium soil moisture. Two years after the treatments, they reported increased soil nutrient availability, greater herbaceous plant cover and diversity, and more native bluestem grasses.
Unfortunately, they found only a few pine seedlings in the understory after the treatments. "In our study, poor pine regeneration may have been due to drought, poor seed production, and hardwood competition in the understory," says Elliott. "Poor seed production was not unexpected, since southern pine beetles killed almost all of the overstory pines before the treatments."
The researchers found that though oak regeneration increased on all the burned sites, other hardwood species increased as well. The researchers suggest that without further intervention, oaks will not succeed into the overstory due to competition from faster growing hardwoods.
This study showed that cutting followed by prescribed fire can reduce fuel loads, increase soil nutrient availability, open the canopy by reducing trees in the overstory, and stimulate vegetative growth. These cut-and-burn treatments have positioned these degraded ecosystems on a restoration trajectory.
"Further silvicultural treatments are needed to fully restore these sites to shortleaf pine/bluestem communities," says Elliott. "Additional follow-up treatments could include planting pine seedlings, using thinning or herbicides to reduce competition from faster growing red maple and sassafras sprouts and shrubs, and repeated burning to maintain open woodland for native grass and other plant cover."
"Land managers need information on treatment options that will reduce the heavy fuel from dead and dying trees, and they need information on how to most effectively restore these forests," says Elliott. "We will continue to work with land managers on applying and refining these treatments in their efforts to fully restore shortleaf pine/native bluestem grass ecosystems."
"Without the partnership and support from the National Forests of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia this research would not be possible or as relevant," she adds. "For this study, the Ocoee Ranger District, Cherokee National Forest was responsible for implementing the treatments and they worked closely with the researchers to make it all happen." In return, researchers provide the information to the National Forest partners and others by onsite tours and workshops.
This research was partially funded by the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports scientific research on wildland fires and distributes results to help policymakers, fire managers and practitioners make sound decisions.
###
Access the full text of the article: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/40511
For more information: Katherine Elliot at 828-524-2128, x110 or kelliot@fs.fed.us
Headquartered in Asheville, N.C., the Southern Research Station is comprised of more than 120 scientists and several hundred support staff who conduct natural resource research in 20 locations across 13 southern states (Virginia to Texas). The Station's mission is "to create the science and technology needed to sustain and enhance southern forest ecosystems and the benefits they provide." Learn more about the Southern Research Station at: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/.
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Adrian Gonzalez was not pleased with Hunter Wendelstedt?s strike zone last night, and vented about the state of umpiring after the game:
?How are you supposed to have a professional at-bat with these umpires nowadays? Gosh. The first pitch in my last at-bat wasn?t even close. You?re up there, trying to have a professional at-bat and look for a pitch to hit and that?s called??So it puts you in swing mode, the guy throws a good split and all of a sudden you?re 0-2. It should have been 1-0 and then he probably doesn?t throw a split. Unbelievable.
?In that at-bat I went up there looking for a fastball middle away. I got a fastball way away. You can?t swing if it?s not a strike. You?re looking for a pitch middle away, and it?s away and you know you can?t swing because it?s off and you?re 0-1.?
MLB doesn?t like it when people criticize the ump, but hey, at least he didn?t throw his helmet or anything.
Gonzalez was then asked if problems with the strike zone are what has led to his lack of power this year:
?No. I?ll start hitting home runs. I?ll hit a homer tomorrow.?
We?re watching, Adrian! Good luck!
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From famous former classmates to Oscar bloopers, see what we reveal about the What to Expect When You’re Expecting actress
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The sum you spend on advertising can really feel like a challenging amount to establish. Devote way too very little on marketing and you go out of organization. Spend way too much on marketing and you?go out of business. Everybody tells you to ?advertise? or ?market? your enterprise but wherever must you set your difficult earned funds? What programs ought to you commit in to deliver in organization now?
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What is an typical buyer well worth to me?
This amount really should very easily roll of your tongue. Is an common buyer worth $ fifty? Probably you offer greater-conclude products and your common sale is $ four,000? Irrespective of what your common sale is, when you know the quantity you are well prepared to calculate how much you can commit on your advertising efforts.
Most individuals have a budget for marketing and that means it?s an price product. As an alternative of having a finances, consider having a set volume that you devote that delivers you new buyers. For case in point if you invested $ fifty and that introduced you a new customer how many instances would you spend that $ fifty? In other phrases how many NEW buyers do you want?
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With your 7% rule you can place a advertising method into action that satisfies a bare minimum of the subsequent problems:
1. Provides new organization chances every day
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three. Has components that can be automated
four. Is easily track-ready
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President Barack is contacting on Congress to assist maintain the economy?s ?momentum? by passing legislation that would give organizations a 10 p.c revenue tax credit score if they create new work opportunities or increase wages this yr. (Might sixteen) Subscribe to the Associated Press: little bit.ly Download AP Mobile: www.ap.org Linked Press on Facebook: apne.ws Associated Press on Twitter: apne.ws Linked Press on Google+: little bit.ly
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FILE - In this April 13, 2009, file photo, baseball fans hold up a sign in front of the Citi Field before the New York Mets' home-opening baseball game against the San Diego Padres at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig, File)
FILE - In this April 13, 2009, file photo, baseball fans hold up a sign in front of the Citi Field before the New York Mets' home-opening baseball game against the San Diego Padres at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig, File)
FILE- In tis April 5, 2010, file photo, New York Mets' fans celebrate after the Mets' David Wright hit a two-run home run in the first inning of a baseball game against the Florida Marlins at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the New York Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Henny Ray Abrams, File)
NEW YORK (AP) ? Major League Baseball finally announced Wednesday that the 2013 All-Star game will be hosted by the New York Mets at Citi Field on July 16.
The announcement was made during a news conference at City Hall with baseball Commissioner Bud Selig, Mets owner Fred Wilpon, Mr. Met and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
Bloomberg also is hoping New York will host another baseball event.
"I'm counting on a Subway Series this year," he said.
Baseball decided at least four years ago that the Mets would host the game at the ballpark, which opened in 2009, but held off an announcement until it reached agreements with the city and agencies for All-Star services and related events, such as the FanFest.
Selig said the Mets' financial problems caused by the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme didn't delay an announcement.
"I have great faith in the Wilpons and the family and I was very confident they would work things out, and they have. I had no trepidation at all."
The Mets last hosted the All-Stars in 1964, the year Shea Stadium opened. The game was last in New York in 2008, the final season of the old Yankee Stadium.
Kansas City is host of this year's game, and the 2014 game is expected to be played at Minneapolis' Target Field.
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