Southern pine beetle impacts on forest ecosystems

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-May-2012
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Contact: Katherine Elliot
kelliot@fs.fed.us
828-524-2128 x110
USDA Forest Service ? Southern Research Station

Shortleaf pine-hardwood ecosystem restoration following insect outbreak

OTTO, NC--Research by USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists shows that the impacts of recent outbreaks of southern pine beetle further degraded shortleaf pine-hardwood forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian region. The authors suggest that cutting and burning these sites reduces heavy fuel loads, improves soil nutrient status, and opens the canopy for restoration of these shortleaf pine communities.

In an article published in the June issue of journal Forest Ecology and Management, research ecologist Katherine Elliott and fellow scientists from the SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory examine the effects of three treatments to restore shortleaf pine-hardwood forests in areas where southern pine beetle attacks have killed most of the overstory pines.

Historically, frequent fire maintained the pine-hardwood ecosystems of the southern Appalachians as open grassy savannas with widely spaced oaks and shortleaf pines, a grassy understory, and relatively clear midstory. The interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle outbreaks have severely impacted these ecosystems.

"Over the past century, these ecosystems have been on a trajectory of increased loss of pines in the overstory, lack of regeneration of both pines and oaks, loss of ground layer plants, and the expansion of the evergreen shrub mountain laurel in the midstory," says Elliott. "The latest outbreak of southern pine beetle, a native insect, killed more overstory pines, further damaging the ecosystem while adding fuel for fire."

For the study, the researchers selected eight 12 to 15-acre study sites in pine-hardwood ecosystems where a large number of the pines had been killed by southern pine beetle. They tested the effects of burning only, cutting and burning on sites with droughty soils, and cutting and burning on sites with medium soil moisture. Two years after the treatments, they reported increased soil nutrient availability, greater herbaceous plant cover and diversity, and more native bluestem grasses.

Unfortunately, they found only a few pine seedlings in the understory after the treatments. "In our study, poor pine regeneration may have been due to drought, poor seed production, and hardwood competition in the understory," says Elliott. "Poor seed production was not unexpected, since southern pine beetles killed almost all of the overstory pines before the treatments."

The researchers found that though oak regeneration increased on all the burned sites, other hardwood species increased as well. The researchers suggest that without further intervention, oaks will not succeed into the overstory due to competition from faster growing hardwoods.

This study showed that cutting followed by prescribed fire can reduce fuel loads, increase soil nutrient availability, open the canopy by reducing trees in the overstory, and stimulate vegetative growth. These cut-and-burn treatments have positioned these degraded ecosystems on a restoration trajectory.

"Further silvicultural treatments are needed to fully restore these sites to shortleaf pine/bluestem communities," says Elliott. "Additional follow-up treatments could include planting pine seedlings, using thinning or herbicides to reduce competition from faster growing red maple and sassafras sprouts and shrubs, and repeated burning to maintain open woodland for native grass and other plant cover."

"Land managers need information on treatment options that will reduce the heavy fuel from dead and dying trees, and they need information on how to most effectively restore these forests," says Elliott. "We will continue to work with land managers on applying and refining these treatments in their efforts to fully restore shortleaf pine/native bluestem grass ecosystems."

"Without the partnership and support from the National Forests of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia this research would not be possible or as relevant," she adds. "For this study, the Ocoee Ranger District, Cherokee National Forest was responsible for implementing the treatments and they worked closely with the researchers to make it all happen." In return, researchers provide the information to the National Forest partners and others by onsite tours and workshops.

This research was partially funded by the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports scientific research on wildland fires and distributes results to help policymakers, fire managers and practitioners make sound decisions.

###

Access the full text of the article: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/40511

For more information: Katherine Elliot at 828-524-2128, x110 or kelliot@fs.fed.us

Headquartered in Asheville, N.C., the Southern Research Station is comprised of more than 120 scientists and several hundred support staff who conduct natural resource research in 20 locations across 13 southern states (Virginia to Texas). The Station's mission is "to create the science and technology needed to sustain and enhance southern forest ecosystems and the benefits they provide." Learn more about the Southern Research Station at: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/.


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?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Katherine Elliot
kelliot@fs.fed.us
828-524-2128 x110
USDA Forest Service ? Southern Research Station

Shortleaf pine-hardwood ecosystem restoration following insect outbreak

OTTO, NC--Research by USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists shows that the impacts of recent outbreaks of southern pine beetle further degraded shortleaf pine-hardwood forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian region. The authors suggest that cutting and burning these sites reduces heavy fuel loads, improves soil nutrient status, and opens the canopy for restoration of these shortleaf pine communities.

In an article published in the June issue of journal Forest Ecology and Management, research ecologist Katherine Elliott and fellow scientists from the SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory examine the effects of three treatments to restore shortleaf pine-hardwood forests in areas where southern pine beetle attacks have killed most of the overstory pines.

Historically, frequent fire maintained the pine-hardwood ecosystems of the southern Appalachians as open grassy savannas with widely spaced oaks and shortleaf pines, a grassy understory, and relatively clear midstory. The interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle outbreaks have severely impacted these ecosystems.

"Over the past century, these ecosystems have been on a trajectory of increased loss of pines in the overstory, lack of regeneration of both pines and oaks, loss of ground layer plants, and the expansion of the evergreen shrub mountain laurel in the midstory," says Elliott. "The latest outbreak of southern pine beetle, a native insect, killed more overstory pines, further damaging the ecosystem while adding fuel for fire."

For the study, the researchers selected eight 12 to 15-acre study sites in pine-hardwood ecosystems where a large number of the pines had been killed by southern pine beetle. They tested the effects of burning only, cutting and burning on sites with droughty soils, and cutting and burning on sites with medium soil moisture. Two years after the treatments, they reported increased soil nutrient availability, greater herbaceous plant cover and diversity, and more native bluestem grasses.

Unfortunately, they found only a few pine seedlings in the understory after the treatments. "In our study, poor pine regeneration may have been due to drought, poor seed production, and hardwood competition in the understory," says Elliott. "Poor seed production was not unexpected, since southern pine beetles killed almost all of the overstory pines before the treatments."

The researchers found that though oak regeneration increased on all the burned sites, other hardwood species increased as well. The researchers suggest that without further intervention, oaks will not succeed into the overstory due to competition from faster growing hardwoods.

This study showed that cutting followed by prescribed fire can reduce fuel loads, increase soil nutrient availability, open the canopy by reducing trees in the overstory, and stimulate vegetative growth. These cut-and-burn treatments have positioned these degraded ecosystems on a restoration trajectory.

"Further silvicultural treatments are needed to fully restore these sites to shortleaf pine/bluestem communities," says Elliott. "Additional follow-up treatments could include planting pine seedlings, using thinning or herbicides to reduce competition from faster growing red maple and sassafras sprouts and shrubs, and repeated burning to maintain open woodland for native grass and other plant cover."

"Land managers need information on treatment options that will reduce the heavy fuel from dead and dying trees, and they need information on how to most effectively restore these forests," says Elliott. "We will continue to work with land managers on applying and refining these treatments in their efforts to fully restore shortleaf pine/native bluestem grass ecosystems."

"Without the partnership and support from the National Forests of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia this research would not be possible or as relevant," she adds. "For this study, the Ocoee Ranger District, Cherokee National Forest was responsible for implementing the treatments and they worked closely with the researchers to make it all happen." In return, researchers provide the information to the National Forest partners and others by onsite tours and workshops.

This research was partially funded by the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports scientific research on wildland fires and distributes results to help policymakers, fire managers and practitioners make sound decisions.

###

Access the full text of the article: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/40511

For more information: Katherine Elliot at 828-524-2128, x110 or kelliot@fs.fed.us

Headquartered in Asheville, N.C., the Southern Research Station is comprised of more than 120 scientists and several hundred support staff who conduct natural resource research in 20 locations across 13 southern states (Virginia to Texas). The Station's mission is "to create the science and technology needed to sustain and enhance southern forest ecosystems and the benefits they provide." Learn more about the Southern Research Station at: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Sounding off about the umps

Adrian Gonzalez was not pleased with Hunter Wendelstedt?s strike zone last night, and vented about the state of umpiring after the game:

?How are you supposed to have a professional at-bat with these umpires nowadays? Gosh. The first pitch in my last at-bat wasn?t even close. You?re up there, trying to have a professional at-bat and look for a pitch to hit and that?s called??So it puts you in swing mode, the guy throws a good split and all of a sudden you?re 0-2. It should have been 1-0 and then he probably doesn?t throw a split. Unbelievable.

?In that at-bat I went up there looking for a fastball middle away. I got a fastball way away. You can?t swing if it?s not a strike. You?re looking for a pitch middle away, and it?s away and you know you can?t swing because it?s off and you?re 0-1.?

MLB doesn?t like it when people criticize the ump, but hey, at least he didn?t throw his helmet or anything.

Gonzalez was then asked if problems with the strike zone are what has led to his lack of power this year:

?No. I?ll start hitting home runs. I?ll hit a homer tomorrow.?

We?re watching, Adrian! Good luck!

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Generic Versions of Blood-Thinning Plavix Approved

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What Are the Advantages of Laser Hair Removal?

By Anonymous on May 15, 2012 06:38 pm Waxing, shaving, and even pulling hair with tweezers are some of the things that some people do to remove unwanted hair. Sometimes it is possible to use special lotions which are specially designed just to remove hair from the body. However, those lotions are not guaranteed to be effective, and we all know how painful waxing is.
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Looking After Bonded Human Hair Extensions - Tips to Make Them Stay on Longer

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How to Clean Your Circle Lens

By Anonymous on May 15, 2012 12:04 pm People often wonder if cleaning circle lenses is a difficult task, but this article proves that notion otherwise. It is simple as cleaning any other contact lenses that the user might be familiar with.
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Do Eyelashes Grow Back? A Guide to Eyelash Damage, Loss and Recovery

By Anonymous on May 15, 2012 09:20 am There are a lot of features that define beauty and long and thick eyelashes are among the main ones. Unfortunately, just like other types of hairs growing on the human body, these can get damaged and fall off. Do eyelashes grow back? In order to answer this question, you need to consider the causes of the problem, the growth cycle of these hairs and the different treatments available.
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By Anonymous on May 14, 2012 12:15 pm If you need some help in choosing a hair straightener and want to know what the latest technological features are on the market, then read on. This article article will give you valuable information on the best hair straighteners developments and how to use them.
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By Anonymous on May 14, 2012 11:05 am Contrary to popular belief, oil can be used to combat facial blemishes and remove make-up. Here is a look at the advantages and disadvantages of Vapour Organic Oil make-up remover as well as how to use it.
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By Anonymous on May 11, 2012 03:29 pm You can be sure about the dress, the jewellery, the footwear, and all other things, as you can try them on and get an opinion. But, have you thought about an extremely significant part that completes the appearance of it all? "The Bridal Makeup" Is that your heart pounding so loud thinking of the Bridal Makeup part?
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St. Tropez Tan and Jouer Cosmetics: Updating Your Makeup Look for Spring and Summer

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Brighten Up Your Look For Spring With Clairol Professional Hair Colors

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Beauty Supplies to Stock Up On This Spring

By Anonymous on May 11, 2012 02:02 pm The easiest way to update your look for Spring? A little bit of makeup. If you're not one to go crazy with the bright lipstick, consider playing up your girly side with lined eyes and seriously thick lashes. Start with a sheer pink or peach shadow and brush it over your lids. Makeup Forever makes a great peachy pink with a hint of iridescence that will catch the sunlight for a hint of sparkle. Next, line your eyes inner rims, both top and bottom, with black liner. Your goal is to make it look as though no skin peeks through. Then, run your black liner across the upper lash line, slightly winging it out at the corner for a modern day cat eye. Finish with multiple coats of your favorite mascara, and voila! A fresh, romantic spring beauty look created in just a few steps.
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Small Business Marketing Methods | SEO Complete Solution

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MLB announces Mets as 2013 All-Star host

FILE - In this April 13, 2009, file photo, baseball fans hold up a sign in front of the Citi Field before the New York Mets' home-opening baseball game against the San Diego Padres at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig, File)

FILE - In this April 13, 2009, file photo, baseball fans hold up a sign in front of the Citi Field before the New York Mets' home-opening baseball game against the San Diego Padres at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig, File)

FILE- In tis April 5, 2010, file photo, New York Mets' fans celebrate after the Mets' David Wright hit a two-run home run in the first inning of a baseball game against the Florida Marlins at Citi Field in New York. A person familiar with the announcement says Major League Baseball will announce Wednesday, May 16, 2012, that the New York Mets will host the 2013 All-Star game at Citi Field. The person spoke on condition of anonymity on Tuesday, May 15, because MLB did not reveal the purpose of Wednesday's news conference at City Hall in New York. (AP Photo/Henny Ray Abrams, File)

(AP) ? Major League Baseball finally announced Wednesday that the 2013 All-Star game will be hosted by the New York Mets at Citi Field on July 16.

The announcement was made during a news conference at City Hall with baseball Commissioner Bud Selig, Mets owner Fred Wilpon, Mr. Met and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Bloomberg also is hoping New York will host another baseball event.

"I'm counting on a Subway Series this year," he said.

Baseball decided at least four years ago that the Mets would host the game at the ballpark, which opened in 2009, but held off an announcement until it reached agreements with the city and agencies for All-Star services and related events, such as the FanFest.

Selig said the Mets' financial problems caused by the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme didn't delay an announcement.

"I have great faith in the Wilpons and the family and I was very confident they would work things out, and they have. I had no trepidation at all."

The Mets last hosted the All-Stars in 1964, the year Shea Stadium opened. The game was last in New York in 2008, the final season of the old Yankee Stadium.

Kansas City is host of this year's game, and the 2014 game is expected to be played at Minneapolis' Target Field.

Associated Press

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